diff --git a/mercurial/debugcommands.py b/mercurial/debugcommands.py
--- a/mercurial/debugcommands.py
+++ b/mercurial/debugcommands.py
@@ -2987,10 +2987,22 @@
         dirstate.rebuild(ctx.node(), ctx.manifest(), changedfiles)
 
 
-@command(b'debugrebuildfncache', [], b'')
-def debugrebuildfncache(ui, repo):
+@command(
+    b'debugrebuildfncache',
+    [
+        (
+            b'',
+            b'only-data',
+            False,
+            _(b'only look for wrong .d files (much faster)'),
+        )
+    ],
+    b'',
+)
+def debugrebuildfncache(ui, repo, **opts):
     """rebuild the fncache file"""
-    repair.rebuildfncache(ui, repo)
+    opts = pycompat.byteskwargs(opts)
+    repair.rebuildfncache(ui, repo, opts.get(b"only_data"))
 
 
 @command(
diff --git a/mercurial/repair.py b/mercurial/repair.py
--- a/mercurial/repair.py
+++ b/mercurial/repair.py
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@
                 yield repo.manifestlog.getstorage(dir)
 
 
-def rebuildfncache(ui, repo):
+def rebuildfncache(ui, repo, only_data=False):
     """Rebuilds the fncache file from repo history.
 
     Missing entries will be added. Extra entries will be removed.
@@ -465,28 +465,40 @@
         newentries = set()
         seenfiles = set()
 
-        progress = ui.makeprogress(
-            _(b'rebuilding'), unit=_(b'changesets'), total=len(repo)
-        )
-        for rev in repo:
-            progress.update(rev)
+        if only_data:
+            # Trust the listing of .i from the fncache, but not the .d. This is
+            # much faster, because we only need to stat every possible .d files,
+            # instead of reading the full changelog
+            for f in fnc:
+                if f[:5] == b'data/' and f[-2:] == b'.i':
+                    seenfiles.add(f[5:-2])
+                    newentries.add(f)
+                    dataf = f[:-2] + b'.d'
+                    if repo.store._exists(dataf):
+                        newentries.add(dataf)
+        else:
+            progress = ui.makeprogress(
+                _(b'rebuilding'), unit=_(b'changesets'), total=len(repo)
+            )
+            for rev in repo:
+                progress.update(rev)
 
-            ctx = repo[rev]
-            for f in ctx.files():
-                # This is to minimize I/O.
-                if f in seenfiles:
-                    continue
-                seenfiles.add(f)
+                ctx = repo[rev]
+                for f in ctx.files():
+                    # This is to minimize I/O.
+                    if f in seenfiles:
+                        continue
+                    seenfiles.add(f)
 
-                i = b'data/%s.i' % f
-                d = b'data/%s.d' % f
+                    i = b'data/%s.i' % f
+                    d = b'data/%s.d' % f
 
-                if repo.store._exists(i):
-                    newentries.add(i)
-                if repo.store._exists(d):
-                    newentries.add(d)
+                    if repo.store._exists(i):
+                        newentries.add(i)
+                    if repo.store._exists(d):
+                        newentries.add(d)
 
-        progress.complete()
+            progress.complete()
 
         if requirements.TREEMANIFEST_REQUIREMENT in repo.requirements:
             # This logic is safe if treemanifest isn't enabled, but also
diff --git a/tests/test-completion.t b/tests/test-completion.t
--- a/tests/test-completion.t
+++ b/tests/test-completion.t
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@
   debugpushkey: 
   debugpvec: 
   debugrebuilddirstate: rev, minimal
-  debugrebuildfncache: 
+  debugrebuildfncache: only-data
   debugrename: rev
   debugrequires: 
   debugrevlog: changelog, manifest, dir, dump
diff --git a/tests/test-transaction-rollback-on-revlog-split.t b/tests/test-transaction-rollback-on-revlog-split.t
--- a/tests/test-transaction-rollback-on-revlog-split.t
+++ b/tests/test-transaction-rollback-on-revlog-split.t
@@ -86,6 +86,10 @@
    warning: revlog 'data/file.d' not in fncache!
   1 warnings encountered!
   hint: run "hg debugrebuildfncache" to recover from corrupt fncache
+  $ hg debugrebuildfncache --only-data
+  adding data/file.d
+  1 items added, 0 removed from fncache
+  $ hg verify -q
   $ cd ..