diff --git a/mercurial/merge.py b/mercurial/merge.py
--- a/mercurial/merge.py
+++ b/mercurial/merge.py
@@ -1556,6 +1556,9 @@
     usemergedriver = not overwrite and mergeactions and ms.mergedriver
 
     if usemergedriver:
+        if wctx.isinmemory():
+            raise error.InMemoryMergeConflictsError("in-memory merge does not "
+                                                    "support mergedriver")
         ms.commit()
         proceed = driverpreprocess(repo, ms, wctx, labels=labels)
         # the driver might leave some files unresolved